North+Houston+Early+College+High+School+-+Daniel+Moreno+&+Robert+Torres

toc =Affirmative=

For Affirmative cites, full text, aff explanations or what not: Daniel Moreno (morenodaniel94@gmail.com) For Negative cites, full text and so on: Robert Torres (robertjtorres7@gmail.com)

Note: The following affs are ones that we used this whole year and possibly will be ran in a round or two in the tournament. The only other aff that I did not post is space wep, but we will not run that for sure. There might be a new broken aff at the tournament, but that will be posted the round after we run it. Any other questions my email is above for aff questions. Thank you for you're time!

**Blindspots 1ac **
 * Part one is the Blindspot **
 * In 1989, a series of photographs of the planet Neptune were published. They represented stunning “proof” in the advancement of the field of technology. These photographs became memory-images that "colonized" the imagination in the name of what we now know. This production of imagery represents a "fleeting cloud shadow" that characterizes the modern narcissistic blindness towards a sense of certainty and the "dark side" of modern reason. **

[Karyn Ball, Associate Professor in the Department of English and Film Studies at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada., Cultural Critique; Paranoia in the Age of the World Picture The Global "Limits of Enlightenment," University of Minnesota Press, Fall 2005, pp. 115-147]
 * Outlined here by Karyn Ball, Associate Professor in the Department of English and Film Studies at the University of Alberta, in 2005 **


 * __The 1989 photographs of Neptune are an artifact of the collaboration __****__… __**own moment as firmly and expressly “new.”6

[Karyn, Associate Professor in the Department of English and Film Studies at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada., Cultural Critique; Paranoia in the Age of the World Picture The Global "Limits of Enlightenment," University of Minnesota Press, Fall 2005, pp. 115-147]
 * In addition, the 1989 photographs of Neptune serve as an allegory illustrating the consequence of space exploration during The Cold War. **
 * Ball – 2005 **

I want to close this orbit between outer … **__ power by crossing a longer distance __**.

**Thus the defining of Space exploration as one single purpose by the government causes a foreclosure of other narratives of space. ** Roland **<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bleiker, 2003 **<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif;">. (Professor of International Relations Harvard and Cambridge, Discourse and Human Agency, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. p. 37-38) __<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif;">A conceptualization of human agency … fit into its particular view of the world __<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 10pt;">.
 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 14pt;">Part Two is the Foreclosure **


 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Our western civilization was funded upon ideologies that resources are ours to exploit, this legitimizes the use of technology over earth. This form of ideology forecloses other forms of space, and the conflict causes us to wage war against each other and with ourselves. **

<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 10pt;">[Fred H., M.Div., M.S.W., Ph.D. Associate Professor University of Northern Iowa, The parable of the tribes: On anarchy, peace and spiritual transformation. Spirituality and Social Work Forum, 10(2), 1-6. http://www.ecosocialwork.org/papers/partrbspr.pdf]wjw
 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif;">Published by Indiana University Press - 2004 **

<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> **__We have become so numb to the real … depend upon. To achieve peace with the world, we declare war upon ourselves__** <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 10pt;">. (p. 42)

<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 10pt;">[Paul D., Associate Professor of Law and Director of the Leon E. Bloch Law Library, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law., Law and Heidegger’s Question Concerning Technology: Prolegomenon to Future Law Librarianship, P. 286, [] ] wjw
 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 14pt;">Part Three is the Calculative Assumption **
 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 12pt;">These forms Technological mindset threaten humanity. We look at these places as a standing reserve that we can use for our advantage. It is the essence of technology that is bad because it blinds us to anything that we can’t use for our advantage and folds us into something to be ordered as well. **
 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif;">Callister – 2007 **

<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 10pt;">[Paul D., Associate Professor of Law and Director of the Leon E. Bloch Law Library, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law., Law and Heidegger’s Question Concerning Technology: Prolegomenon to Future Law Librarianship, P. 286, [] ] wjw
 * __<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 12pt;">The threat is not technology itself; it is rather a … end, and, as a result, risks becoming something to be ordered as well __**<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 10pt;">.9
 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 12pt;">And, ****<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Calculative thinking threatens humanity and is more dangerous than nuclear warfare **
 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif;">Callister – 2007 **

<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 10pt;">Heidegger’s genius is in recognizing that all the fuss … **__<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 12pt;">technological thinking risks the “ordering” of all the world, including humanity, as resources subject to a singular will __**<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 10pt;">.


 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 14pt;">Part Four is Place Making **
 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 14pt;">The use of narrative language by countries to legitimize projects justifies the colonial power. Science narratives cannot render their knowledge as the truth so they describe it as the “popular knowledge” by spending innumerous amounts of money on scientific projects. Mars narratives are based upon a colonial narratives instead of a subjective exchange for the empirical narrative and a strive towards technological efficiency. **

<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 10pt;">[Jae, Florida State University, Florida Philosophical Review; Heidegger’s Bridge: The Social and Phenomenological Construction of Mars, Volume IX, Issue 2, Winter, p. 121-135]
 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif;">Jerkins – 2009 **


 * __<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 14pt;">The tenuous relationship between the empirical and the fictive lends science the … __**<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 14pt;"> **__influenced by historical context, bureaucratic powers, and the technological drive toward efficiency__**.


 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 12pt;">And it is this type of science that assigns authority over places, and it is when this happens that those places are now given a meaning when these places already had a meaning of their own. **

<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 10pt;">[Jae, Florida State University, Florida Philosophical Review; Heidegger’s Bridge: The Social and Phenomenological Construction of Mars, Volume IX, Issue 2, Winter, p. 121-135]
 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif;">Jerkins – 2009 **

<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 8pt;">Since the beginning of Modern colonialism, the nature of place-making has largely been an imperial venture. **__<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 14pt;">When voices of authority assign a name to a space __**<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 8pt;">, **__<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 14pt;">this activity transforms __****__<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 14pt;">… __****<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 8pt;"> at one body of water rather than another.” In this way, **__<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 14pt;">place is given official meaning and status. __


 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 14pt;">Part Five: Life is Beautiful **
 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Thus we need to learn that Human beings need an ontological limit to ground meaning in their experience of reality, which includes the existential limit of death. Current science justification of space exploration is to advance us beyond the earth and save us from death. We must understand that existence is finite. Failure to do so untehters us from earth and prevents us from being. **
 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Thiele ’95 ****<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 8pt;">(Leslie, Professor of Political Science at the University of Florida, __Timely Meditations: Martin Heidegger and Postmodern Politics__, pg 179-180) **


 * __<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif;">The world is the web of our social and cultural relations __****<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 8pt;">, our relations to artifacts, and our relations to … everywhere is to experience the freedom that allows our disclosure of the Being of our world. **
 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 8pt;">179-180 **

<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 10pt;">[Jae, Florida State University, Florida Philosophical Review; Heidegger’s Bridge: The Social and Phenomenological Construction of Mars, Volume IX, Issue 2, Winter, p. 121-135]
 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 14pt;">Finally Part six is the Affirmation **
 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 12pt;">We affirm the resolution in a depth discussion of how we should really look at the resolution. We affirm an exploration of space, because we know that space will inevitably be explored, but instead we have in-depth discussions on how we should do this space exploration. Debaters are not going to get a space policy passed, Exploring space does not need to mean a literal exploration of space in which embark rockets into space. Jerkins cites Heidegger to say that we, by thinking towards a location, can get through the distance and be at that location. We can cognitively explore and develop the cosmos. **
 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif;">Jerkins – 2009 **

<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 10pt;">Using the double-entendre example of a bridge, Martin Heidegger examines the proximity of phenomenological … **__<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> and phenomenologically, we may even bridge the very distance cognitively __**


 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 12pt;">So, We instead use genealogy and make the problem more problematic. We should make the problem a real problem once again. Our attempt is not to find a new solution or to fix what has happened in history, but instead to repeat that even so that we can again re-problematize the event. We intend to counter-actualize by creating a counter-memory in which we the same components and repeat them and re-arrange them. This counter-memory is a mutation of the original memory so that we cannot recognize the tradition that was embodied in us. **

<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif;">[Visiting Assistant Professor at Villanova University. He researches and publishes in contemporary French philosophy and philosophy of the bio-sciences with an emphasis on issues of identity formation., C. Colwell and The Johns Hopkins University Press; Deleuze and Foucault: Series, Event, Genealogy]
 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif;">Colwell – ****<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif;">1997 **

<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif;">To conclude: **__History__**, **__as opposed to genealogy__**, **__is the ordering of events in a single series that repeats those events within narrowly defined limits__**; it is for all intents and purposes the repetition …**__institutions and our selves__**.

SSA 1AC
**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 17pt;">Contention 1 is Inherency **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Space Based Surveillance Satellites will not be funded in the status quo – but it is key to observation **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Fletcher 11 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">[Emmet Fletcher has been involved in flight dynamics, space situational awareness and satellite surveillance for the majority of his professional career. He is currently the manager of the Space Surveillance and Tracking segment of Europe’s Space Situational Awareness programme at the European Space Agency.] Reluctance to fund additional SBSS systems BY EMMET, ON FEBRUARY 20TH, 2011 []

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">The __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">US __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Pentagon is __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">debating how to continue SST ____<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">… ____<span style="background-color: fuchsia; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">unlimited observation time, no atmospheric attenuation, no weather effects. __


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The NSP announced we will do the plan but there is no follow through **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Smith 6/ **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">17/ **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">11 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">(Marcia S. Smith is the founder and editor of SpacePolicyOnline.com and President of Space and Technology Policy Group, LLC. Previously she was Director of the Space Studies Board and of the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board at the U.S. National Research Council (2006-2009). Before that she was a specialist in aerospace and telecommunications policy at the Congressional Research Service (1975-2006), part of the U.S. Library of Congress, which provides objective, non-partisan research and analysis exclusively for the Members and committees of the U.S. Congress. She also was Executive Director of the U.S. National Commission on Space (1985-1986). “Impact of the Obama Space Policy One Year On -- Experts Say It’s All in the Implementation”, [] )

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">The upshot of the Secure World Foundation's (SWF's) panel discussion yesterday on the status of the Obama National Space Policy (NSP) one year … that are adopted by the United States. Inaction is also a part of policy, he added.

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 17pt;">CONTENTION 2 IS TRANSPARENCY **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Current verification methods fail **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">DeSutter 08 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">[Paula A. DeSutter has an extensive background in verification and a career focus on national security and intelligence. She served for over four years as a Professional Staff Member of the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. Ms. DeSutter was professional staff liaison to Senator Jon Kyl and was responsible for legislation and oversight of intelligence collection, analysis, and activities related to proliferation, terrorism, arms control, the Persian Gulf States, India, Pakistan, China, and Afghanistan.] Is an Outer Space Arms Control Treaty Verifiable? By Paula A. DeSutter Assistant Secretary of State for Verification, Compliance, and Implementation []

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> I am suggesting that **__<span style="background-color: fuchsia; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">current verification means __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">and methods **__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">… __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> whether the intent of that capability extended beyond normal operating and safety requirements. Even then, it would be highly possible for a state to hide its true intent or change it quickly, and to take the necessary actions to exploit a latent or covert capability.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Only SSA enforces cooperation and transparency in space **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Shafran 2/24 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">(Maj. Stacie 14th Air Force Public Affairs; “JFCC-Space commander highlights need for improved space situational awareness;” Us Air Force; [] )

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Delivering a speech at the Sixth Annual Ilan Ramon International Space Conference, held at .. interest of common goals of cooperation in space operations? It is truly an enduring legacy of which the nation of Israel can be proud."


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">We will isolate 2 impacts – **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 1st is China **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">SSA forces Chinese transparency – key to broader relations – forces accountability **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Delgado 2010 **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">(Laura M., September 12, International Cooperation is Good, But China Presents Challenges, Conference Participants Conclude, [] )

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Bruce MacDonald, who served as Senior Director of the Congressional Commission on Strategic Posture of the United States, agreed … **__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">he argued, that by showing China that such a stance is counterproductive, it will become "less opaque, more transparent...at least translucent." __**


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Transparency key to relations and prevents war **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Brown 09 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Peter J Brown is a satellite journalist from Maine USA. (Copyright 2009 Asia Times Online (Holdings) Ltd. All rights reserved. Please contact us about sales, syndication and republishing.) []

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">In the first few days of the new Barack Obama administration, United States Secretary of State Hillary **__<span style="background-color: fuchsia; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Clinton declared that the US needs "a comprehensive dialogue with China" and space-related matters will __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">certainly **__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">… __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">best, it could lead to runaway military spending," adds Weeden. "At worst, it could mean that an incident in space, hostile or not, could be misinterpreted by one party and become a flashpoint for armed conflict on the ground."


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">That war causes extinction **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Weeden 08 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">, Brian. "How China "Wins" a Potential Space War." China Security. Vol. 4, No. 1 (Winter 2008): 134-147. [ 7 quotes ]


 * __<span style="background-color: fuchsia; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">There is no reason to think that China would rely solely on its demonstrated __****__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">… __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">commercial communications satellites, would have a devastating impact on the American economy, the global economy, and thus the economy of the very nation that brought conflict to outer space. China does possess the ability to significantly affect U.S. space power.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">2nd is Treaties: **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Treaties are inevitable, but fail without verification **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Kueter 2007 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Jeff, China’s Space Ambitions-And Ours, The New Atlantis Spring 2007, President of the George C. Marshall Institute, Masters in PoliSci and Security Policy/Science and Technology Studies, []


 * __<span style="background-color: fuchsia; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Another diplomatic tack contemplated by those oppose __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">d to “ **__<span style="background-color: fuchsia; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">weaponizing space” is the adoption __****__<span style="background-color: fuchsia; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">of multilateral codes of conduct. __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">To …would an international treaty “banning” anti-satellite testing be enforceable or verifiable; the ignominious record of enforcing and verifying treaties prohibiting activities on Earth should be proof enough of that.)


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Only SSA verification resolves treaties **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Baines and Cote 2009 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Phillip J. and Adam, Promising confidence- and security-building measures for space security [] Philip J. Baines is Deputy Director of the Non-proliferation and Disarmament Division at the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. Adam Côté is a researcher in the same division and an MA candidate at the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs at Carleton University.]

__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Verification and governance are crucial to the success of any space security treaty. __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> A violation of its provisions could undermine the purposes of the agreement. In …__Article IX of the OST, in contrast to a system of deterrence and tit-for-tat reprisals which may, in turn, lead to an arms race in outer space.__


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Only SSA solves verification **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Lewis ’11 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">– Senior Fellow and Director, Technology and Public Policy Program, Center for Strategic and International Studies (James A, “Engagement and Sustainability in the 2010 National Space Policy,” February, Vol. 7, Num. 2, [], RBW)

__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Increased space situational awareness will be an important component of being able to ____<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">…a test would be detected, could reinforce norms __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Only a space code of conduct solves the risks of weaponization and de-escalates the drive towards a space arms race **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Wright, 7 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">- co-director of the Global Security Program at the Union of Concerned Scientists (David, Boston Globe, “Protecting our future in space”, 10/3, [] )

<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">So, in looking forward, we __<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">need to figure out how to protect these space assets. __<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">And to do that, we … __<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">instead should be promoting negotiations to protect our future in space as well as security on Earth. __

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 17pt;">CONTENTION 3 IS INFO **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Current Data System is unreliable- means we give faulty satellite information **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> NSTAC 09 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> ( <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">The President’s National Aecurity Telecommunications Advisory Committee, “NSTAC Report to the President on Commercial Satellite Communications Misson Assurance,” November 2009, [] )

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Operators continuously and accurately track the locations of their own satellites and rely on in-house close-approach monitoring systems … **__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> increases. Further, not all satellite companies participate in close-approach monitoring due to lack of financial resources or appropriately skilled technicians __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">SSA solves deterrence by information **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Harrison et al 9 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">[“Space and Defense Scholarly Journal of the United States Air Force Academy Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies” Volume Three ▪ Number One ▪ Summer 2009 Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies G. Harrison, Deron R. Jackson, and Collins G. Shackelford [] ]


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Deterrence depends upon accurate information __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">, especially in discriminating between intentional and … __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> broader database will be created. • Encourage rather than discourage likeminded spacefaring states __**__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">to improve their SSA capabilities. __**


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Specifically, there is a lack of missile accuracy and information **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Blair and Yali 06 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">*Bruce G. Blair is the President of the World Security Institute. Mr. Blair is the author of numerous articles and books on security issues including the Logic of Accidental Nuclear War and Global Zero Alert for Nuclear Forces. He is presently completing a new book on U.S. nuclear policy. **Chen Yali is the editor in chief of Washington Observer. She is also a Program Manager of Chen Shi China Research Group based in Beijing. “The Fallacy of Nuclear Primacy” [] **

__<span style="background-color: fuchsia; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">ir **__<span style="background-color: fuchsia; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">assessment of the strategic imbalance rests on fairly solid empirical data on the characteristics of the Russian and U.S. ____<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">… __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">if U.S. missiles missed their targets by a considerably greater distance than assumed by their model **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Space based surveillance is key – the plan can increase our accuracy to 100%

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Smith, 11 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">USAF Colonel, Director of the Air Force Space and Cyber Center at Air University. He served in the Pentagon’s National Security Space Office as the Chief of the Future Concepts shop (M.V., Toward a Theory of Space Power: Selected Essays, February, [] ) **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">In sum, **__<span style="background-color: fuchsia; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">aircraft have several distinct advantages over spacecraft in regard to theater ISR collection, ____<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">… __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> as other actors on the world stage develop, lease, or borrow similar capabilities. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Space-based satellites key – invulnerability, sustained information, and targeting

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Pfaltzgraff 09 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">, <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">president Institute Foreign Policy Analysis and PhD Professor at Tufts University **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> [“Space and U.S. Security: A Net Assessment” January 2009, Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, principal investigator Robert Pfaltzgraff, PhD and President of IFPA, Professor of International Security Studies at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University [] ] **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Surveillance and Reconnaissance. **__<span style="background-color: fuchsia; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Space-based surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities were first developed during the Cold War to provide ____<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">… __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> of a commercial imagery satellite, buying a commercial satellite or leasing existing commercial satellite capacity.29 **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Lack of SSA destroys first strike stability **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Morgan ’10 – senior political scientist at the RAND Corporation (Forrest E, “Deterrence and First-Strike Stability in Space: A Preliminary Assessment,” RAND Corporation, [] ) **

__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">First-strike instability is made worse by limitations in __**__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">space situational awareness __**__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">… ____<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> deterrence regime can be developed to restore first-strike stability __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> in that domain.18 **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Specifically, it undermines the credibility of our nuclear punishment

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Morgan 10 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">[Forrest E. Morgan Senior political scientist at the RAND Corporation, Deterrence and First-Strike Stability in Space A Preliminary Assessment,Prepared for the United States Air Force 2010] **


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">While many options exist for punishing space aggressors and reducing the benefits of their attacks, nearly all of them depend to some degree on improvements in … United States’ top priorities in its efforts to develop the capabilities needed for an effective space deterrence regime __**

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">2 scenarios for extinction:

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 1st is EMP and 2nd is biological warfare


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Mark **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Schneider, **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> July 20 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">08 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">. Senior Analyst with the National Institute for Public Policy, Ph.D in history at the University of Southern California and JD from George Washington University, former senior officer in the DoD in positions relating to arms control and nuclear weapons policy. “The Future of the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent,” Comparative Strategy 27.4, Ebsco. **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">According to the Pentagon's Quadrennial Defense Review, the United States must maintain a “robust nuclear deterrent, which remains a keystone of U.S. national power.”98 The reason should be self … address the problem of legacy arms control and its constraints upon U.S. conventional capabilities. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">EMP attack shuts down the entire US economy --- foreign activities and terrorist intentions make it a high priority threat.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">William J. **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Perry and James **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">R. Schlesinger et al, 20 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">09 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">. Former Secretary of Defense, Michael and Barbara Berberian Professor at Stanford University, senior fellow at FSI and serves as co-director of the Preventive Defense Project, and former Secretary of Defense, Secretary of Energy and Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, Counselor to the Center for Strategic and International Studies, lecturer @ SAIS, Johns Hopkins University, PhD International Relations @ UPenn. “America’s Strategic Posture,” Report of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States, media.usip.org/reports/strat_posture_report.pdf. **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Lastly, **__<span style="background-color: fuchsia; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">the United States should take steps to reduce the vulnerability of the nation and the … on which they depend, incapacitate transportation systems __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">(and thus the deliv- ery of food and other goods), etc. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The impact is multiple scenarios for nuclear conflict

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Friedberg and Schoenfeld, 2008


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">[Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, “The Dangers of a Diminished America”, 10-28, [] ] **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the world's … prosperity. None of this is good news if the authoritarian leaders of these countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with external adventures. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">CBWs guarantee extinction

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Ochs 2 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">(Richard Ochs, ANALYST FOR THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS WORKING GROUP, July 9 2002 -- “BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY” -- [] ) **

__<span style="background-color: fuchsia; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Of all the weapons of mass destruction __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">, thegenetically engineered **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> __biological weapons, …__ **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">example of recently emerging plagues with no known cure or vaccine. Can we imagine hundreds of such plagues? HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nuclear deterrence is the controlling impact


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">C. Paul **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Robinson, **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 3/22/20 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">01 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">. President and Director, Sandia National Laboratories, PhD Physics @ FSU, Chair of the Policy Committee of the Strategic Advisory Group for the Commander, US Strategic Command. “Pursuing a New Nuclear Weapons Policy for the 21st Century,” [] . **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Let me then state my most important conclusion directly: **__<span style="background-color: fuchsia; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">I believe nuclear weapons must have an abiding ____<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">... __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> necessary ingredients to help shape and maintain a stable and peaceful world. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 17pt;">PLAN TEXT


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Thus the plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase deployment and development of Space Based Space Surveillance satellites. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 17pt;">CONTENTION 4 IS SOLVENCY

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Preliminary Tests of SBSS show success

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Brinton 10 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> (Turner. Staff Writer covering military space and missile defense; “SBSS Satellite Sending Back Healthy Signals from Orbit;” [] ) **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">WASHINGTON — The U.S. Air Force’s first Space Based Space Surveillance ( **__<span style="background-color: fuchsia; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">SBSS __**__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">) __**__<span style="background-color: fuchsia; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">satellite launched Sept. 25 and is transmitting ____<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">... __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> designed to put a satellite into a very precise orbit. New hardware had to be designed and built to correct the problem. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">SBSS is the only way to solve SSA and is vital to prevent space security, solve transparency, and deterrence.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Ridout 10 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">( [] . Space-Monitoring Satellite Will Enhance Global Security. November 18th, 2010. Timothy A. Ridout. A Massachusetts native, Tim Ridout majored in government at Wesleyan University. In May 2011, he received a master's degree in law and diplomacy from the Fletcher School at Tufts University. At Fletcher, he focused on international security studies and US foreign policy.) **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">In September, the United States Air Force launched the first satellite capable of monitoring outer space. Currently, the USAF watches objects … **__<span style="background-color: fuchsia; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">awareness. __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Ground-based monitoring will continue to play an important role, but space-based surveillance is the way of the future.

=Negative=

= =

1NC - Consult Ashtar CP
Text: **The United States federal government should engage in genuine, prior and binding, with Ashtar Galactic Command regarding the mandates of the affirmative plan.**


 * Competition –**
 * Any permutation is severs the immediacy and certainty of the plan and the counterplan avoids the Ashtar DA net benefit.**

I salute you in the sacred name of I AM and in representation of the Intergalactic Command! My name is Ashtar Sheran, I am a space Commander, and I am in charge of the Star Ship. The Ashtar Command is a branch of the Intergalactic Command... albeit finer and subtle. We are the authority that controls the space program to be fulfilled for the Planet Earth.
 * Solvency -**
 * The Ashtar command can control matter, energy, and gravity – we should consult over space exploration & development **
 * Lord Ashtar, 2004 ** (August 19, 2004, “Our Fleets Are In Position, Ready Yourselves” Brother Veritus, [], accessed 6/27/11, SL)

1NC - Ashtar DA
(Anakya, 5/2/2011, “Channelling, Human Ascension: Earth Changes and Evacuation of Earth” Ashtar Spiritual Forum, http://www.ashtarcommandcrew.net/profiles/blogs/instructions-for-accomplishing#ixzz1QVjan065, accessed: 6/24/11, SL) Remember: it is due to the lack of light that we have not met the Galactic Federation of Light. Yes, I said LIGHT. They do not resonate … for all. All is one. One is all. Namaste. Lightworkers.... master and hold the light ....
 * A. Uniqueness – We are moving towards our necessary quota of lightness**
 * Ariana, Pleiadian Walk In and Channel and Communicator, Healer and Artist, 11 **

(Revered Joshua, “Best Kept Secrets #3” Ashtar Command Center Spiritual Blogs, http://www.ashtarcommandcrew.net/profiles/blogs/best-kept-secrets-3#ixzz1QXGL8Ogq, accessed: 6/27/11, SL) Hello friends, let us finish this article on planet-x. As it is the 3rd. time here now it gets bigger and stronger as it pulls on the earth and forces the magnetic … distance. So we must start the re-awaking process now so that we are ready for it because ready or not here it comes
 * B. Link & Impact – The 1ac embraces negativity rather than lightness, makes evacuation impossible and guarantees our extinction**
 * Skirvin, 6/17/2011 **

Politics
You can ask us about them, and shells we have read.

Consult ESA CP
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">CP Text – The European Union should [insert plan mandates] through the European Space Agency. The European Space Agency should provide all necessary support.

The CP solves – __ The 2016 ESA-led mission, to be launched by NASA, includes a Mars Orbiter and an Entry, Descent and Landing … a drill and a suite of instruments dedicated to exobiology and geochemistry research. __
 * ESA is working on exploration now, and NASA is using their technology**
 * ESA **__ (“ __ The ESA-NASA ExoMars programme 2016-2018” ** 6.6.11 **, http://exploration.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=46048) [ESA’s exploration homepage, lining out the missions to mars]